If the range is the real numbers, it has a lower bound (zero) but no upper bound.
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Yes, if your equation is f(x) = sqrt5(x). The square root is also a function itself, if that's what you mean.
Standard deviation = square root of variance.
Let's illustrate with an example. The square function takes a number as its input, and returns the square of a number. The opposite (inverse) function is the square root (input: any non-negative number; output: the square root). For example, the square of 3 is 9; the square root of 9 is 3. The idea, then, is that if you apply first a function, then its inverse, you get the original number back.
Answer: The difference between the square root of x and squared is either x or -x. Answer: The square root is the inverse function of the square function. That means that it's basically the opposite. Asking for the square root of "x" is like asking "what number must I square to get 'x'".