Yes, y=x-4 is linear, since the highest power on x is 1 (y = x1-4)
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It means if you plot the function it is not on a straight line For example y = 3x + 4 is linear function y = x squared is non linear
Yes, since y changes proportionally with x.
Yes, y=-2+x is a linear function.
Yes. y + x = 4 is a linear function because the highest order (exponent) on any dependent or independent variable is 1. So if it were y^2 + x = 4 or y + x^3 = 4 or yx + 4 = 0 or anything like that, it would be non-linear. If that doesn't help, if you rearrange y + x = 4 into standard y = mx + b format you get y = -x + 4. So it's a straight line with a slope of -1 and y-intercept of 4. Any time you have an equation that just has the letters in it (x, y, z, etc. any letter) without any exponents, it's a linear equation.
It can be thought of as a function that does not graph to a line when plotted. For example, y=4 or y=5x are linear. But y=x2 or y=x1/2 or y=ln(x) are not linear