Mathematics
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The subdominant is the 4th scale degree. In G major, that's C.
The dominant scale/chord in music is that built on the 5th scale degree of the key. In C major, the dominant is G.
"Private key" in the context of cryptography refers to the the key generated for an asymmetric encryption algorithm which is retained by the owner while the companion "public key" is published for others to utilize for secure communications or authentication. The "private key" is not shared with anyone. A "secret key" in the context of cryptography refers to the single key generated for use in a symmetric encryption algorithm which is only shared between those between whom secure communication is desired. It is kept secret from all others. The secret key must be transmitted to or shared with all parties by a method outside the communications link it is intended to secure.
Key signatures are the sharps or flats at the beginning of the staff. To identify the key signature of a scale that consists of all sharps, look at the last sharp in the key signature. Whichever note the last sharp lies on, the key of the scale is one note above it. To identify the key signature of a scale that consists of all flats, look at the note directly before the last flat in the key signature. The second-to-last note is the name of the key signature of flat keys. However, you cannot use this helpful trick with the F Major Scale which only has one flat (B flat).