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A normal distribution simply enables you to convert your values, which are in some measurement unit, to normal deviates. Normal deviates (i.e. z-scores) allow you to use the table of normal values to compute probabilities under the normal curve.
The word "anomaly" is a noun meaning: Something that deviates from what is standard, normal, or expected. Anomaly has a few synonyms such as "abnormality" or "irregularity".
Standard deviation helps business understand the research they have done on their potential customers. If the information deviates by one, then they know that they can rely on the information more so than research that deviates to standards deviations away from the mean.
Random numbers (or deviates) can be generated for many distributions, including the Normal distribution. Programs like Excel include a function which will generate normal random variables. In Excel, you enter +norminv(+rand(),mean,stand dev). The formula can be copied down to generate many deviates. Hitting F9 will produce a new series. Be sure to enter a positive number for the standard deviation. Theory: Let X be a uniformly distributed random variable from 0 to 1. We want to generate deviates of distribution with a pdf of f(x) and a cumulative distribution of F(x) with F-1(x), the inverse CDF known. Generate a uniform deviate, a, and then calculate b = F-1(a) which will be distributed according to f(x). The related links are unfortunately quite mathematical. The problem with the normal distibution is that the inverse cumulative is not a simple equation, so table lookup is usually the fastest solution.
No, the normal curve is not the meaning of the Normal distribution: it is one way of representing it.