A bank's assets weighted according to credit risk. Some assets, such as debentures, are assigned a higher risk than others, such as cash. This sort of asset calculation is used in determining the capital requirement for a financial institution, and is regulated by the Federal Reserve Board.
Source: investorwords.com
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For a two-asset portfolio, the risk of the portfolio, σp, is: 2222p1122112212222p11221212121212σ=wσ+wσ+2wσwσρorσ=wσ+wσ+2wwcovcov since ρ=σσ where σi is the standard deviation of asset i's returns, ρ12 is the correlation between the returns of asset 1 and 2, and cov12 is the covariance between the returns of asset 1 and 2. Problem What is the portfolio standard deviation for a two-asset portfolio comprised of the following two assets if the correlation of their returns is 0.5? Asset A Asset B Expected return 10% 20% Standard deviation of expected returns 5% 20% Amount invested $40,000 $60,000
Beta.
The CAPM is a model for pricing an individual security (asset) or a portfolio. For individual security perspective, we made use of the security market line (SML) and its relation to expected return and systematic risk (beta) to show how the market must price individual securities in relation to their security risk class. The SML enables us to calculate the reward-to-risk ratio for any security in relation to that of the overall market. Therefore, when the expected rate of return for any security is deflated by its beta coefficient, the reward-to-risk ratio for any individual security in the market is equal to the market reward-to-risk ratio
The Constant growth model does not address risk; it uses the current market price, as the reflection of the expected risk return preference of investor in marketplace, whereas CAPM consider the firm's risk, as reflected by beta, in determining required return or cost of ordinary share equity.Another difference is that when constant growth model is used to find the cost of ordinary share equity, it can easily be adjusted with flotation cost to find the cost of new ordinary share capital. whereas CAPM does not provide simple adjustment.Although CAPM Model has strong theoretical foundation, the ease of the calculation of the constant growth model justifies it use.
It considers only systematic risk, reflecting a reality in which most investors have diversified portfolios from which unsystematic risk has been essentially eliminated. It generates a theoretically-derived relationship between required return and systematic risk which has been subject to frequent empirical research and testing. It is generally seen as a much better method of calculating the cost of equity than the dividend growth model (DGM) in that it explicitly takes into account a company’s level of systematic risk relative to the stock market as a whole. It is clearly superior to the WACC in providing discount rates for use in investment appraisal.