The systolic pressure is measured at the first Karotkoff sound (stage I), it is the first tapping noise that you hear with a stethoscope when taking a manual blood pressure.
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While taking blood pressure
Yes. The bottom number is the diastolic pressure.
Rate-pressure product = Heart rate * Systolic pressure
[Systolic Blood Pressure+(2 x Diastolic Blood Pressure)]/3
A gram is measured in grams. A kilogram is measured in kilograms.