Rational numbers include integers, and any number you can write as a fraction (with integers in the numerator and denominator). Most numbers that include roots (square roots, cubic roots, etc.) are irrational - if you take the square root of any integer except a perfect square, for example, you'll get an irrational number. Expressions involving pi and e are also usuallyirrational.
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Each of the two numbers is a rational number.
Yes. This is the same as asking for one rational number to be subtracted from another; to do this each rational number is made into an equivalent rational number so that the two rational numbers have the same denominator, and then the numerators are subtracted which gives a rational number which may possibly be simplified.
Not quite. A rational number is a ratio and each rational number is a ratio of specific pairs of integers - not ANY two integers. And, of course, 0 is not allowed on the denominator.
Rational numbers are of the form n/m where n and m<>0 are integers. Since for each integer n and integer 1 we know that n = n/1, each integer is a rational number.
Any natural number, such as 37, will also be in each of the other categories.