gear and pinion (pinion being the smaller of the two gear wheels)
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Oh, dude, calculating bend allowances and circumferences is like figuring out how many slices of pizza you can eat before feeling guilty. You just take the thickness of the material, the angle of the bend, and the radius of the bend, and boom, you've got your bend allowance. As for marking out true lengths and circumferences, it's all about using some basic math and measurements to get those numbers right. It's not rocket science, but hey, it's important to get it right, unless you want wonky-looking bends and circles.
The wheels on the bus go round and round... Along with the wheels on the car, bike, lorry, etc - all circles.
An ellipsoid with equal radii along two axes and a different radius in the third (a flattened sphere or a circular ellipsoid).
Slope refers to the steepness of a line. Mathematically, it can be defined as: slope = (difference in y-coordinates) / (difference in x-coordinates). This should be measured along a fairly short distance, since the actual slope can be different at different points.
Hours are not units of distance measurement. Minutes and seconds are, but it depends on where it is measured. If measuring degrees of longitude along the equator, each degree is about 60 miles, so one minute (1/60th degree) would be 1 mile. Degrees of longitude differ along different lines of latitude (different Earth's circumference). Degrees of latitude, however, are a constant distance (about 69 miles).