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F.Javier Lucero has written: 'A high quality graphics system based on the Motorola 68020 and the Intel 82786'
The address of the Decatur Museum is: 400 West 8Th Street, Decatur, NE 68020-2164
There are 2 major OS for Macintosh computers: the original, Mac OS 9 or earlier, which was a single threaded system. Now there is Mac OS X, a UNIX based operating system, found on later computers. Modern Intel based Macs can run Windows and Linux as well as Mac OS X.The original Apple computers, including the Macintosh had a proprietary operating system named Mac OS and ran on Motorola 68000 processors and its descendants: 68020, 68030, 68040. Starting in 1994, Macintosh starting using the IBM PowerPc processors: PowerPC 601, 603, 604, G3, G4, G5.In 2006, Apple switched to Intel processors running with Mac OS X (Macintosh Operating System version 10), an implementation of the Unix operating system.
with the stock 68000 processor not very fast. The problem with the 600 is that its harder to upgrade than say a 1200. This is due to none of the expansion lines being for a new processor, but that's not to say you cant upgrade a 600. some companies managed to upgrade the 600 by pressing a chip socket upside down on the 680000 on the notherboard to steal the necessary lines. one, or to be more precise, two accelerator card designs were made on this basis, equipped with 68020 und 68030 processors. The Apollo 630 squeezed the most out of the Amiga 600, boosting this little computer up to 50 MHz (which was a LOT at the time!), allowing for 32 MByte EDO RAM (which was even MORE at the time) and boasting a full MMU and FPU on the card. With this thing, the Amiga 600 would not only outspeed its big brother the Amiga 3000, it would also run Linux and MacOS and speed up Amiga games to never known speeds -- if you ever got it working :-) The Apollo 630 itself is a horribly designed piece of hardware. It gets hot, most Apollos show clear traces of low quality assembly and most don't run stable. The Apollo is known to be very picky with Amiga 600 board revisions and is known to kill its processor within minutes, if no extra cooling is provided (and of course, the Apollo's design doesn't provide for extra cooling).
A "mini" computer was the standard of team computing back in the late 70's and through the 80's. I worked on a Prime system and a MassComp system during that time period. I don't recall the clock rate of the Prime 400, but the MassComp was based on the Motorola 68020 and ran about 20MHz. (I might be off a bit as it has been about 30 years...)By comparison, today's micro-computer (laptops, desktops) boast speeds in excess of 1GHz - some over 2GHz. The problem with raw speed is that the faster you clock the processor, the more power you need to make it go and the hotter it runs. So, to get more power out of modern machines without desoldering the processor from the board, companies have limited the clock speed and gone to dual processors. In fact, my laptop has 4 dual-core processors each running at about 1.5GHz!
Run on platform IBM System/390. :) Linux can run on dozens of types of systems, from 68020 based Macs through phones based on ARM architecture. Sparc? yes! MIPS? Yes! The Android platform is built on top of Linux. Linux is reliable. Many Linux systems run continuously for months and sometimes years without being rebooted. Linux is robust. While is possible for a linux system to crash, it is rare. There is a sharp boundary between the operating system kernel layer and user applications. This boundary is called the system call interface. In Linux, the kernel is like a closed loop. Nothing can get into it except via system calls. every system call entry point verifies parameters to the call carefully so that nothing an ordinary application does can hurt the running system In windows, when the system crashes, it is possible to blame the crash on a buggy application, or one infected by a virus. If a system crash ever occurs with Linux, the Linux developers treat it as a serious matter, because it is something that should never happen, and for it to ever happen would reflect very badly on the O.S. The Linux bug reporting procedures ensure that thousands of developers can very quickly learn of, and discuss the bug, as well as the cleanest way of solving it. Following such discussion, the person or persons responsible for the part of the system involved with the crash determines the cleanest way to solve the problem, codes a fix and begins regression testing, to make sure that the fix does not affect any other part of the kernel. The bug fix makes it's way to the Linux repositories, and Linux users are notified that the fix is available either upon request or automatic download. The above procedure does not work with proprietary device drivers, so users are discouraged from using vendor drivers that are not open source. There are usually open source counterparts to such drivers, but even in cases where there are not, most such drivers are very stable as far as the kernel goes. Where they fail to be robust is in applications that make use of them. For example, the drivers for the newest Nvidia graphics cards do not interact well with some applications if the nvidia tool for Xorg.conf files has been run. When such a file is present, running the programs called emacs, or virtualbox triggers a bug in the interaction between the Nvidia driver and the Xorg server, resulting in the Xorg server dying. The only known workarounds are either removing the xorg.conf file (Xorg will invoke other drivers before the Nvidia driver in this case, preventing incorrect Xorg initialization) or using the open source "nouveau" driver in place of the Nvidia driver. Linux can also recognize and run Windows programs, but to do so, it needs a package called Wine, and either properly licensed copies of Windows dll files, or open source replacements for those dll's that come with wine. Unfortunately, those dll's do not always perfectly simulate a windows environment because Microsoft has not released to the public detai;s of the inner workings of it's dll files, so the Wine developers had to make educated guesses in certain cases. There is a list at winehq.org of Windows applications that run flawlessly (World of Warcraft 4.3.x is at the top of the list), as well as ones that may have trouble running without, or with special configuration parameters. A better way to run Windows programs under Linux is to run one of several virtual machine programs which let you dedicate a portion of the machine's CPU power to a copy of Windows running as a "virtual machine". Your Linux machine does need to have a valid Windows license to do it this way, however. Linux uses the Posix API, which is largely responsible for it's robustness, in comparison with Windows, whose API started out with a design based partly on DOS, partly upon VAX/VMS and partly on the very first versions of Windows, and then had things added piecemeal, as needed. One thing Linux does not do: throw up a blue screen when an application has a boo-boo!
"Older computers" can encompass a wide range of hardware going back nearly 20 years. To simplify the variables, I'll give some example configurations, along with some appropriate Linux distros you may like to try. Pentium 4 2.8 GHz 1 GB DDR RAM 60 GB IDE hard drive This is within the spec of pretty much every Linux distro. Ubuntu, Kubuntu, OpenSUSE, PCLinuxOS, and Debian are all good choices for a computer like this. If you demand an extremely responsive desktop, try Xubuntu, Debian with an Xfce desktop, or Dreamlinux. Pentium III 1 GHz 256 MB PC133 RAM 20 GB hard drive Things start to get a little tighter here. More RAM on such a system would improve performance immensely. On a Pentium III, an Xfce desktop (as found in Xubuntu or Dreamlinux) is ideal. Puppy Linux (with JWM) would also run well. Pentium II 400 MHz 128 MB PC66 RAM 10 GB hard drive While Xubuntu and Dreamlinux will still run decently, they no longer exude a large amount of speed. Puppy Linux should still be good. Debian does not provide a JWM CD by default, but it can be installed from the netinstall version from the command line. Damn Small Linux, based on an older version of a Knoppix LiveCD, begins to look attractive. Pentium MMX 233 MHz 32 MB of DIMM modules RAM 4 GB hard drive From this point on, Linux becomes a little more "down to basics." Desktops are still available, but they lack as much "user-friendliness" as many distros aimed at newer computers have created. Damn Small Linux is one of the best choices for a desktop system. Puppy Linux is no longer usable, as it requires 128 MB to boot a LiveCD. A Slackware install with a JWM or Fluxbox desktop is a decent choice. Xubuntu is still technically bootable, but will take so long to boot as to be useless. Debian is still possible, as long as you know how to use the command line to install a desktop. Intel 486DX-66 MHz 16 MB of RAM 1 GB hard drive This is likely the end of the line for most users. Beyond this point lies only ancient console-only distros, kernel recompiling, alternative C libraries, and FPU emulation. Only the brave, daring, and masochistic dare tread this path. These requirements are the bare minimum for Damn Small Linux, the most minimalistic Linux desktop still developed. You could skimp slightly on the processor (say a 486DX-40) and hard drive (Damn Small Linux needs only 50 MB) but the X server will probably not run under less RAM. Intel 386SX-33 MHz 4 MB of RAM 40 MB hard drive Linus Torvalds began the Linux kernel on a machine similar to the above. In the ye olden days, a 386 with 8 MB of RAM was enough to run a state-of-the-art web server (and a crude X server). Today, you'd be hard pressed to even fit the kernel into such a small amount of memory. Honestly, you'd probably get more of the functionality you want on such a machine from FreeDOS than an ancient Linux kernel.
Microsoft Word is a proprietaryword processor designed by Microsoft. It was first released in 1983 under the name Multi-Tool Wordfor Xenixsystems.[1][2][3]Subsequent versions were later written for several other platforms including IBM PCsrunning DOS(1983), the Apple Macintosh (1984), the AT&T Unix PC(1985), Atari ST(1986), SCO UNIX,OS/2, and Microsoft Windows (1989). It is a component of the Microsoft Office software system; it is also sold as a standalone product and included in Microsoft Works Suite. The current versions are Microsoft Office Word 2010 for Windows and Microsoft Office Word 2011 for Mac.Contents[hide] 1 History1.1 Origins and growth: 1981 to 19951.2 Microsoft Word for Windows since 19951.3 Microsoft Word for Mac since 19952 File formats2.1 File extension2.2 Binary formats (Word 97-2003)2.3 XML Document (Word 2003)2.4 Attempts at cross-version compatibility2.5 Third party formats2.6 Image formats3 Features and flaws3.1 WordArt3.2 Macros3.3 Layout issues3.4 Bullets and numbering3.5 AutoSummarize4 Versions5 See also6 References7 Further reading8 External linksHistoryMain article: History of Microsoft WordOrigins and growth: 1981 to 1995In 1981, Microsoft hired Charles Simonyi, the primary developer of Bravo, the first GUI word processor, which was developed at Xerox PARC.[4]Simonyi started work on a word processor called Multi-Tool Word and soon hired Richard Brodie, a former Xerox intern, who became the primary software engineer.[4][5][6]Microsoft Word 5.0 for DOS. Versions 1.0 to 4.0 had a similar user interface.Microsoft announced Multi-Tool Word for Xenix[4]and MS-DOS in 1983.[7]Its name was soon simplified to Microsoft Word.[1]Free demonstration copies of the application were bundled with the November 1983 issue of PC World, making it the first program to be distributed on-disk with a magazine.[1][8]Unlike most MS-DOS programs at the time, Microsoft Word was designed to be used with a mouse,[7]and it was able to display some formatting, such as bold, italic, and underlined text, although it could not render fonts.[1]It was not initially popular, since its user interface was different from the leading word processor at the time, WordStar.[9]However, Microsoft steadily improved the product, releasing versions 2.0 through 5.0 over the next six years.Microsoft Word 5.1 for Mac OS.In 1985, Microsoft ported Word to the Macintosh. This was made easier by the fact that Word for DOS had been designed for use with high-resolution displays and laser printers, even though none were yet available to the general public.[10]Following the precedents of LisaWrite and MacWrite, Word for Mac added true WYSIWYGfeatures. After its release, Word for Mac's sales were higher than its MS-DOS counterpart for at least four years.[4]The second release of Word for Macintosh, shipped in 1987, was named Word 3.0 to synchronize its version number with Word for DOS; this was Microsoft's first attempt to synchronize version numbers across platforms. Word 3.0 included numerous internal enhancements and new features, including the first implementation of the Rich Text Format(RTF) specification, but was plagued with bugs. Within a few months Word 3.0 was superseded by a more stable Word 3.01, which was mailed free to all registered users of 3.0.[10]AfterMacWrite, Word for Mac never had any serious rivals on the Mac. Word 5.1 for the Macintosh, released in 1992, was a very popular word processor owing to its elegance, relative ease of use and feature set. Many users say its the best version of Word for Mac ever created.[10][11]In 1986, an agreement between Atari and Microsoft brought Word to the Atari ST[12]under the name Microsoft Write. The Atari ST version was a port of Word 1.05 for the Apple Macintosh[13][14]and was never updated.The first version of Word for Windows was released in 1989. With the release of Windows 3.0 the following year, sales began to pick up and Microsoft soon became the market leader for word processors for IBM PC-compatible computers.[4]In 1991, Microsoft capitalized on Word for Windows' increasing popularity by releasing a version of Word for DOS, version 5.5, that replaced its unique user interface with an interface similar to a Windows application.[15][16]When Microsoft became aware of the Year 2000 problem, it made Microsoft Word 5.5 for DOS available for download free. As of February 2012, it is still available for download from Microsoft's web site.[17]In 1991, Microsoft embarked on a project code-named Pyramid to completely rewrite Microsoft Word from the ground up. Both the Windows and Mac versions would start from the same code base. It was abandoned when it was determined that it would take the development team too long to rewrite and then catch up with all the new capabilities that could have been added in the same time without a rewrite. Instead, the next versions of Word for Windows and Mac, dubbed version 6.0, both started from the code base of Word for Windows 2.0.[11]With the release of Word 6.0 in 1993, Microsoft again attempted to synchronize the version numbers and coordinate product naming across platforms, this time across DOS, Macintosh, and Windows (this was the last version of Word for DOS). It introduced AutoCorrect, which automatically fixed certain typing errors, and AutoFormat, which could reformat many parts of a document at once. While the Windows version received favorable reviews (e.g.,[18]), the Macintosh version was widely derided. Many accused it of being slow, clumsy and memory intensive, and its user interface differed significantly from Word 5.1.[11]In response to user requests, Microsoft was forced to offer Word 5 again, after it had been discontinued.[19]Subsequent versions of Word for Macintosh are no longer ported versions of Word for Windows.Word 2007 iconMicrosoft Word 2007Microsoft Word for Windows since 1995A full-featured word processing program for Windows and Mac from Microsoft. Available stand-alone or as part of the Microsoft Office suite, Word contains rudimentary desktop publishing capabilities and is the most widely used word processing program on the market. Word files are commonly used as the format for sending text documents via e-mail because almost every user with a computer can read a Word document by using the Word application, a Word viewer or a word processor that imports the Word format (see Microsoft Word Viewer). Word 95 for Windows was the first 32-bit version of the product, released with Office 95 around the same time as Windows 95. It was a straightforward port of Word 6.0 and it introduced few new features, one of them being red-squiggle underlined spell-checking.[20]Starting with Word 95, releases of Word were named after the year of its release, instead of its version number.[21]Microsoft Word for Mac since 1995See also: Microsoft Office#Macintosh versionsIn 1997, Microsoft formed the Macintosh Business Unit as an independent group within Microsoft focused on writing software for the Mac. Its first version of Word, Word 98, was released with Office 98 Macintosh Edition. Document compatibility reached parity with Word 97,[19]and it included features from Word 97 for Windows, including spell and grammar checking with squiggles.[22]Users could choose the menus and keyboard shortcuts to be similar to either Word 97 for Windows or Word 5 for Mac.Word 2001, released in 2000, added a few new features, including the Office Clipboard, which allowed users to copy and paste multiple items.[23]It was the last version to run on classic Mac OS and, on Mac OS X, it could only run within the Classic Environment. Word X, released in 2001, was the first version to run natively on, and required, Mac OS X,[22]and introduced non-contiguous text selection.[24]Word 2004 was released in May 2004. It included a new Notebook Layout view for taking notes either by typing or by voice.[25]Other features, such as tracking changes, were made more similar with Office for Windows.[26]Word for Mac 2008 iconWord 2008, released on January 15, 2008, included a Ribbon-like feature, called the Elements Gallery, that can be used to select page layouts and insert custom diagrams and images. It also included a new view focused on publishing layout, integrated bibliography management,[27]and native support for the new Office Open XML format. It was the first version to run natively on Intel-based Macs.[28]Word 2010 allows more customization of the Ribbon,[29]adds a Backstage view for file management,[30]has improved document navigation, allows creation and embedding of screenshots,[31]and integrates with Word Web App.[32]Word 2011, released in October 2010, replaced the Elements Gallery in favor of a Ribbon user interface that is much more similar to Office for Windows,[33]and includes a full-screen mode that allows users to focus on reading and writing documents, and support forOffice Web Apps.[34]File formatsFile extensionMicrosoft Word's native file formats are denoted either by a .doc or .docx file extension.Although the ".doc" extension has been used in many different versions of Word, it actually encompasses four distinct file formats:Word for DOSWord for Windows 1 and 2; Word 4 and 5 for MacWord 6 and Word 95 for Windows; Word 6 for MacWord 97, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2007 and 2010 for Windows; Word 98, 2001, X, and 2004 for MacThe newer ".docx" extension signifies the Office Open XML international standard for Office documents and is used by Word 2007 and 2010 for Windows, Word 2008 and 2011 for the Macintosh, as well as by a growing number of applications from other vendors, includingOpenOffice.org Writer, an open sourceword processing program.[35]Microsoft does not guarantee the correct display of the document on different workstations, even if the two workstations use the same version of Microsoft Word, primarily due to page layout depending on the current printer.[36]This means it is possible the document the recipient sees might not be exactly the same as the document the sender sees.Binary formats (Word 97-2003)This section includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (February 2011)During the late 1990s and early 2000s, the default Word document format (.DOC) became a de factostandard of document file formatsfor Microsoft Office users. Though usually just referred to as "Word Document Format", this term refers primarily to the range of formats used by default in Word version 97-2003. Word document files by using the Word 97-2003 Binary File Format implement OLE (Object Linking and Embedding) structured storage to manage the structure of their file format. OLE behaves rather like a conventional hard drive file system and is made up of several key components. Each Word document is composed of so-called "big blocks" which are almost always (but do not have to be) 512-byte chunks; hence a Word document's file size will in most cases be a multiple of 512."Storages" are analogues of the directory on a disk drive, and point to other storages or "streams" which are similar to files on a disk. The text in a Word document is always contained in the "WordDocument" stream. The first big block in a Word document, known as the "header" block, provides important information as to the location of the major data structures in the document. "Property storages" provide metadata about the storages and streams in a doc file, such as where it begins and its name and so forth. The "File information block" contains information about where the text in a Word document starts, ends, what version of Word created the document and other attributes.Microsoft has published specifications for the Word 97-2003 Binary File Format.[37]However, these specifications were criticised for not documenting all of the features used by Word binary file format.[38]Word 2007 and 2010 continue to support the DOC file format, although it is no longer the default.XML Document (Word 2003)Main article: Microsoft Office XML formatsThe XML format introduced in Word 2003[39]was a simple, XML-based format called WordprocessingML.Attempts at cross-version compatibilityOpening a Word Document file in a version of Word other than the one with which it was created can cause incorrect display of the document. The document formats of the various versions change in subtle and not so subtle ways (such as changing the font, or the handling of more complex tasks like footnotes), creating a "lock in" phenomenon to the base (proprietary) standard.[40]Formatting created in newer versions does not always survive when viewed in older versions of the program, nearly always because that capability does not exist in the previous version.[40]Rich Text Format (RTF), an early effort to create a format for interchanging formatted text between applications, is an optional format for Word that retains most formatting and all content of the original document.Third party formatsPlugins permitting the Windows versions of Word to read and write formats it does not natively support, such as international standardOpenDocumentformat (ODF) (ISO/IEC 26300:2006), are available. Up until the release of Service Pack 2 (SP2) for Office 2007, Word did not natively support reading or writing ODF documents without a plugin, namely the SUN ODF Plugin or the OpenXML/ODF Translator. With SP2 installed, ODF format 1.1 documents can be read and saved like any other supported format in addition to those already available in Word 2007.[40][41][42][43][44]The implementation faces substantial criticism, and the ODF Allianceand others have claimed that the third party plugins provide better support.[45]Microsoft later declared that the ODF support has some limitations.[46]In October 2005, one year before the Microsoft Office 2007 suite was released, Microsoft declared that there was insufficient demand from Microsoft customers for the international standard OpenDocument format support, and that therefore it would not be included in Microsoft Office 2007. This statement was repeated in the following months.[47][48][49][50]As an answer, on October 20, 2005 an online petition was created to demand ODF support from Microsoft.[51]The petition was signed by approximately 12000 people.[52]In May 2006, the ODF plugin for Microsoft Office was released by the OpenDocument Foundation.[53]Microsoft declared that it had no relationship with the developers of the plugin.[54]In July 2006, Microsoft announced the creation of the Open XML Translator project - tools to build a technical bridge between the Microsoft Office Open XML Formats and the OpenDocument Format (ODF). This work was started in response to government requests for interoperability with ODF. The goal of project was not to add ODF support to Microsoft Office, but only to create a plugin and an external toolset.[55][56]In February 2007, this project released a first version of the ODF plugin for Microsoft Word.[57]In February 2007, Sun released an initial version of its ODF plugin for Microsoft Office.[58]Version 1.0 was released in July 2007.[59]Microsoft Word 2007 (Service Pack 1) supports (for output only) PDF and XPS formats, but only after manual installation of the Microsoft 'Save as PDF or XPS' add-on.[60][61]On later releases, this was offered by default.Image formatsWord can import and display images in common bitmap formats such as JPG and GIF. It can also be used to create and display simple line-art. No version of Microsoft Word has support for the common SVGvector image format.Features and flawsThis section needs additionalcitationsfor verification.(November 2010)Among its features, Word includes a built-in spell checker, a thesaurus, a dictionary, and utilities for manipulating and editing text. The following are some aspects of its feature set.WordArtWordArt enables drawing text in a Microsoft Word document such as a title, watermark, or other text, with graphical effects such as skewing, shadowing, rotating, stretching in a variety of shapes and colors and even including three-dimensional effects, starting at version 2007, and prevalent in Office 2010. Users can apply formatting effects such as shadow, bevel, glow, and reflection to their document text as easily as applying bold or underline. Users can also spell-check text that uses visual effects, and add text effects to paragraph styles.MacrosA Macro is a rule of pattern that specifies how a certain input sequence(often a sequence of characters) should be mapped to an output sequence according to defined process. Frequently used or repetitive sequences of keystrokes and mouse movements can be automated. Like other Microsoft Office documents, Word files can include advanced macros and even embedded programs. The language was originally WordBasic, but changed to Visual Basic for Applications as of Word 97.This extensive functionality can also be used to run and propagate viruses in documents. The tendency for people to exchange Word documents via email, USB flash drives, and floppy disksmade this an especially attractive vector in 1999. A prominent example was the Melissa virus, but countless others have existed in the wild.These macro viruses were the only known cross-platform threats between Windows and Macintosh computers and they were the only infection vectors to affect any Mac OS Xsystem up until the advent of video codec trojans in 2007. Microsoft released patches for Word X and Word 2004 that effectively eliminated the macro problem on the Mac by 2006.Word's macro security setting, which regulates when macros may execute, can be adjusted by the user, but in the most recent versions of Word, is set to HIGH by default, generally reducing the risk from macro-based viruses, which have become uncommon.Layout issuesBefore Word 2010 (Word 14) for Windows, the program was unable to correctly handle ligaturesdefined in TrueTypefonts[62]those ligature glyphs with Unicodecodepoints may be inserted manually, but are not recognized by Word for what they are, breaking spell checking, while custom ligatures present in the font are not accessible at all. Since Word 2010, the program now has advancedtypesettingfeatures which can be enabled:[63]OpenTypeligatures,[64]kerning, and hyphenation. Other layout deficiencies of Word include the inability to set crop marks or thin spaces. Various third-party workaround utilities have been developed.[65]Similarly,combining diacritics are handled poorly: Word 2003 has "improved support", but many diacritics are still misplaced, even if a precomposed glyph is present in the font.Additionally, as of Word 2002, Word does automatic font substitution when it finds a character in a document that does not exist in the font specified. It is impossible to deactivate this, making it very difficult to spot when a glyph used is missing from the font in use. If "Mirror margins" or "Different odd and even" are enabled, Word will not allow the user to freshly begin page numbering an even page after a section break (and vice versa). Instead it inserts a mandatory blank page which cannot be removed.[66]In Word 2004 for Macintosh, support of complex scripts was inferior even to Word 97[citation needed], and Word 2004 does not supportApple Advanced Typography features like ligatures or glyph variants.[67]Bullets and numberingWord has extensive list of bullets and numbering features used for tables, lists, pages, chapters, headers, footnotes, and tables of content. Bullets and numbering can be applied directly or using a button or by applying a style or through use of a template. Some problems with numbering have been found in Word 97-2003. An example is Word's system for restarting numbering.[68]The Bullets and Numbering system has been significantly overhauled for Office 2007, which is intended to reduce the severity of these problems.Users can also create tables in Word. Depending on the version, Word can perform simple calculations. Formulae are supported as well. creating is an act of making a document as an input and it can be printed out out as a hardcopy.AutoSummarizeAutoSummarize highlights passages or phrases that it considers valuable. The amount of text to be retained can be specified by the user as a percentage of the current amount of text.According to Ron Fein of the Word 97 team, AutoSummarize cuts wordy copy to the bone by counting words and ranking sentences. First, AutoSummarize identifies the most common words in the document (barring "a" and "the" and the like) and assigns a "score" to each word-the more frequently a word is used, the higher the score. Then, it "averages" each sentence by adding the scores of its words and dividing the sum by the number of words in the sentence-the higher the average, the higher the rank of the sentence. "It's like the ratio of wheat to chaff," explains Fein.[69]AutoSummarize was removed from Microsoft Word for Mac 2011, although it was present in Word for Mac 2008. AutoSummarize was removed from the Office 2010 release version (14) as well.[70]VersionsMicrosoft Word 5.5 for DOSMicrosoft Word 2000Versions for Microsoft Windows include the following:Year Released Name Version Comments 1989 Word for Windows 1.0 1990 Word for Windows 1.1 1.1 Code-named Bill the Cat 1990 Word for Windows 1.1a 1.1a For Windows 3.1 1991 Word for Windows 2.0 2.0 Code-named Spaceman Spiff 1993 Word for Windows 6.0 6.0 Code-named T3 (renumbered 6 to bring Windows version numbering in line with that of DOS version, Macintosh version and also WordPerfect, the main competing word processor at the time; also a 32-bit version for Windows NTonly) 1995 Word 95 7.0 Included in Office 951997 Word 97 8.0 Included in Office 971998 Word 98 8.5 Only sold as part of Office 97Powered By Word 98, which was only available in Japan and Korea. 1999 Word 2000 9.0 Included in Office 20002001 Word 2002 10.0 Included in Office XP2003 Office Word 2003 11.0 Included in Office 20032006 Office Word 2007 12.0 Included in Office 2007; released to businesses on November 30, 2006, released worldwide to consumers on January 30, 2007 2010 Word 2010 14.0 Included in Office 2010Note: Version number 13 was skipped due to superstition.[71]Versions for the Macintosh(Mac OS and Mac OS X) include the following:Year Released Name Comments 1985 Word 1 1987 Word 3 1989 Word 4 Part of Office 1.0 and 1.5 1991 Word 5 Part of Office 3.0Requires System 6.0.2, 512 KB of RAM (1 MB for 5.1, 2 MB to use spell check and thesaurus), 6.5 MB available hard drive space[10]1992 Word 5.1 Part of Office 3.0Last version to support 68000-based Macs[10]1993 Word 6 Part of Office 4.2Shares code and user interface with Word for Windows 6Requires System 7.0, 4 MB of RAM (8 MB recommended), at least 10 MB available hard drive space, 68020 CPU[10]1998 Word 98 Part of Office 98 Macintosh EditionRequires PowerPC-based Mac2000 Word 2001 Part of Microsoft Office 2001Last version compatible with Classic (OS 9 or earlier) Mac OS2001 Word v. X Part of Office v. XFirst version for Mac OS Xonly2004 Word 2004 Part of Office 20042008 Word 2008 Part of Office 20082010 Word 2011 Part of Office 2011Versions for MS-DOSYear Released Name Comments 1983 Word 1 1985 Word 2 1986 Word 3 1987 Word 4 1989 Word 5 1991 Word 5.1 1991 Word 5.5 First DOS version to use a Windows-like user interface 1993 Word 6.0 Versions for the Atari ST:Year Released Name Comments 1988 Microsoft Write Conversion of Microsoft Word 1.05 for Mac Versions for OS/2 include the following:Year Released Name Comments 1992 Microsoft Word for OS/2 version 1.1B