Early counting tools included tally sticks, which were notched sticks used to record tallies or counts, and counting boards, often made of wood or stone, that featured grooves or lines to help keep track of numbers. The abacus, an ancient counting device with beads that slide along rods, also served as an important tool for arithmetic. Additionally, objects like pebbles or shells were used as counters in various cultures for basic counting and trade. These tools laid the groundwork for more advanced mathematical concepts and counting systems.
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They were small stones or pebbles - called calculus (pl = calculi).
It was an abacus counting device
It depends on what to measure.
It probably predates writing. The early development of the decimal system was done by counting on the fingers and toes.
Because it's easier for children to learn, if they waited it would be much harder to learn.