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The researcher's working theory of what s/he expects the research either to prove or disprove.
A normal distribution simply enables you to convert your values, which are in some measurement unit, to normal deviates. Normal deviates (i.e. z-scores) allow you to use the table of normal values to compute probabilities under the normal curve.
The entire group that the researcher is interested in is called the population or the target population.
mostly, how good your theory is. Remember, experimental values are from reality.
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