The prefix "poly" means many. A polygon is a closed multi-straight-sided figure - multi meaning anything from 3 or more sides.
The language used in naming polygons is Greek.
So, a triangle is a closed 3-sided figure - the simplest polygon of all - 'tri' meaning 3.
Quadrilateral = 4 sided [quad = 4]
Pentagon = 5-sided [penta = 5]
Sexagon = 6
Septagon = 7
Octogon = 8
Nonagon = 9
Decagon = 10
... and so forth.
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they came from how many sides are on the polygon
A polygon can only have sides. There are no interior or exterior sides: all sides are the boundaries of a polygon. They could be called equilateral although that names seems to be reserved for triangles.
Every polygon known has a unique name. These names are created, usually based of the number of sides on the polygon. The pentacontakaihexagon is a polygon with 56 sides.
The sides of a polygon do not generally have specific names. Polygons with 3 sides are triangles.
A polygon with 6 sides is a hexagon and a polygon with 8 sides is an octagon