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Basically two ways: either by listing all the elements, or by specifying some rule for elements to be included. Listing all the elements only makes sense for finite sets.
(1) List the elements, and (2) Define a rule that elements of the set must fulfill.
You can specify a set either by listing all of its members (not an option for sets that are very large or even infinite), or by specifying some rule for elements to be a part of the set.
Let's say the set S has n elements. An element can be either in the subset or not in the subset. So There are two ways for one element. Therefore the number of subsets of a set of n elements is 2 multiplied n times which is 2^n
in a set if two elements or numbers are equal then it is known as equivalent set