Preload is caused by decreased blood volume in ventricles. Therefore, decreased preload directly caused by bleeding, polyuria, dehydration.
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Assess for signs of volume overload--dlyspnea, tachypnea, crackles or possible wheezes on auscultation, pulmonary edema, juglar vein distention and pitting edema of the ankles-- may indicate a problem with increased preload.
19 decreased by 6 is 13.
56 decreased by 4 is 52.
Six decreased by 62% = 2.28
560 decreased by 90 percent = 56