46. The pattern is add 3 then add 6 then add 9 then add 12 then add 15 ...
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43
I'm not entirely sure I know what you mean by "expanded algorithm" but here is a guess: 31 * 19 = (13 * 9)+(31 * 10) = 117 + 310 = 427
31
19 out of 31 is about 61%.
31 - 19 = 12