The straight line does not have a specific name.
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In triangle ABC, let P and Q be the midpoints of sides AB and AC, respectively. By the Midpoint Theorem, the line segment connecting the midpoints of two sides of a triangle is parallel to the third side and half its length. Therefore, since PQ connects the midpoints P and Q, it follows that PQ is parallel to side BC of triangle ABC. This establishes that PQ is parallel to BC, as required.
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They are points that are halfway along two of the sides of a square, the sides being opposite one another.
There is no specific name.
Diagonals between two opposite corners, and a vertical line between midpoints of 2 opposite sides, and a horizontal line between midpoints of the other pair of sides.