The independent (or explanatory) variable is changed to test the prediction,
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The dependent variable changes as a result of changes in the independent variable.Put another way,The Independent Variable is manipulated, and is known as the changed variable.The Dependent Variable is responding, and is known as the result.Example : In an experiment to test the effect of heating on evaporation, the various temperatures would be the independent variable, which will be changed by the experimenter. The amount of water that evaporates in a given time is the dependent variable, which is the data sought in the experiment.
A variable changes. It varies. A non variable does not change. It is constant. For example if I write a mathematical expression such as x + 1, then x is a variable. Its value can be whatever value we choose. However 1 is a non variable. Its value is 1 and never changes from 1. In a scientific experiment a variable would be something that you changed from one test to another. A non variable would be something that remained constant from test to test. As a final example: the speed at which light travels in a vaccum is a constant. It is referred to by the letter c which stands for the universal constant. However, the speed at which your car travels is a variable. It changes.
Its the variable that is different between the control and test parts of the experiment.
For a chi-square test there is a null hypothesis which describes some distribution for the variable that is being tested. The expected frequency for a particular cell is the number of observations that would be expected in that cell if the null hypothesis were true.