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interquartile range or mean absolute deviation.
The answer depends on the purpose. The interquartile range and the median absolute deviation are both measures of spread. The IQR is quick and easy to find whereas the MAD is not.
The standard deviation is the value most used. Others are variance, interquartile range, or range.
In general you cannot. You will need to know more about the distribution of the variable - you cannot assume that the distribution is uniform or Normal.
Range = maximum - minimum Interquartile range = Value of 75th percentile - value of 25th percentile. The 75th percentile is the value such that 25% of the observations are bigger and 75% are smaller.