It means they want to spend money to get the info, basically its S for Subscribe.
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it means that the score is above the mean
Yes.z = (raw score - mean)/standard error.Since the standard error is positive, z < 0 => (raw score - mean) < 0 => raw score < mean.
Given a random variable X with mean M and standard deviation S, Z = (X - M)/S
If a normally distributed random variable X has mean m and standard deviation s, then z = (X - m)/s
z score = (test score - mean score)/SD z score = (87-81.1)/11.06z score = 5.9/11.06z score = .533You can use a z-score chart to calculate the probability from there.