Radius of curvature divided by tube diameter.
To get the radius of curvature, imaging the bend in the tube is a segment of a circle, the radius of curvature is the radius of that circle.
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The radius of curvature and the focal length mean the same so the radius of curvature is also 15 cm.
They must have all angles which are the same, all of whose straight lines are in the same ratio and whose curves have radii of curvature in the same ratio.
There are two most important types of curvature: extrinsic curvature and intrinsic curvature. The extrinsic curvature of curves in two- and three-space was the first type of curvature to be studied historically, culminating in the Frenet formulas, which describe a space curve entirely in terms of its "curvature," torsion, and the initial starting point and direction. There is also a curvature of surfaces in three-space. The main curvatures that emerged from this scrutiny are the mean curvature, Gaussian curvature, and the shape operator. I advice to read the following article: http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Curvature.html Moreover, I advise add-on for Mathematica CAS, which do calculations in differential geometry. http://digi-area.com/Mathematica/atlas There is a tutorial about the invariants including curvature which calculates for curves and surfaces. http://digi-area.com/Mathematica/atlas/ref/Invariants.php
yes..if by straight you mean they have no curvature. just double checking.
No, the math term ratio doesn't mean multiply.