It means the same financial gain that a person gets.
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It means that the person's debt is equivalent to 99 percent of their [annual] income.
Capital income can be defined as the income that a person or business makes from the sale of their capital investment assets.
That might depend on the context, but presumably it refers to income you get from professional work.
To be equivalent means to be the same as a value or thing. So yes, it does mean equal.
The percentage of an income that is taxed will stay the same when income rises until that income reaches a certain point set by the government. A higher tax bracket may mean a higher portion of the income will be taxed.