The German word konstant
If something called F is proportional to xyz, then you could write F=kxyz. Which means that however much x, y or z change there is a value, labelled "k", unknown, that always stays the same. And if you know one set of values of F,x,y and z then you can work out what k is.
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Various options: y is directly proportional to k, with x as the constant of proportionality; y is directly proportional to x, with k as the constant of proportionality; x is inversely proportional to k, with y as the constant of proportionality; x is directly proportional to y, with 1/k as the constant of proportionality; k is directly proportional to y, with 1/x as the constant of proportionality; and k is inversely proportional to x, with y as the constant of proportionality.
It is the constant of proportionality.
It depends on the context. It can mean 1000 (as in kilo). It can represent a constant, specially a constant of proportionality. It can represent a unit vector in the third mutually perpendicular direction (the z-axis). It is often used as an index (often after i and j).
y = cx where c is the constant of proportionality.
When there is a direct proportionality y = kx y = 75 k = 15 → 75 = 15x → x = 75/15 = 5