The ratio between two quantities, usually quantities that somehow measure power, or intensity (power / area).
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It can be the power ratio. If you measure voltage or sound pressure it is not the power ratio.
You don't. They measure quite different things, so there is no standard conversion. Ampere is a unit of electrical current. Decibel (dB) is a measure of signal gain.
Decibel is no real unit, it is a pseudo unit. The decibel (dB) is a logarithmic unit that indicates the ratio of a physical quantity. A change in voltage ratio by a factor of two is approximately a 6 dB change. A change in power ratio by a factor of two is approximately a 3dB change.
There are two: the bel, or more commonly, the decibel, which is a logrithmic representation of the pressure of a sound, and the phon, which is a measure of how loud a sound is perceived.
A tenth of a bel. It's a ratio of two values of the same unit.