Triangles are used extensively because they are fundamentally rigid, because three line segments can define one and only one triangle.
Compare a trianlge to, say, a square, which could flex at its vertices to form a rhombus. If you take a square, however, and insert one diagonal, you basically have two triangles, which make the square rigid and not prone to collapse.
Arches are also fundamental in architecture because of the way they distribute weight to the pillars that support them. Arches also convert horizontal and lateral forces to vertical ones.
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Geometric and angular shapes are general classes of shapes associated with geometry and with geometry/trigonometry respectively. The two terms ("geometric shapes" and "angular shapes") are very general in nature, and it isn't really "doable" to make a list of all the geometric and angular shapes one may encounter.
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A rhombus and a trapezoid do not make a specific shape together. They are two separate geometric shapes with different properties and characteristics.
Well, darling, Big Ben is actually the nickname for the Great Bell of the clock at the north end of the Palace of Westminster in London. The tower itself is made up of rectangular shapes, with a square base and octagonal belfry. So, in short, it's a mix of rectangles and octagons that make up this iconic landmark.
The geometric solids that appear to make up the Washington monument is Egyptian obelisks.