None of the items on that list can show that association.
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Graphs showing the relationship (or not) between two independent variables.
A line graph is the most useful type of graph for showing the relationship between two numerical variables. A bar graph can also be used since these two types of graphs are straightforward and simple.
The vast majority of all graphs do that.
Because cause and effect relationships in economics or in any other subject can be better explained with help of graphs. It also tells us what is the effect of one variable on other and how it responds to change in that variable. So instead of using words, graphs offer an easy and better way of showing relationships between two variables.
In my experience line graphs are powerful in science because of the relationship they show between two variables (showing how one variable changes as the other changes). But, more importantly in my view they allow the derivation of fomulas. For example, the formula v=u+at can be derived (notice the similarity to the equation of a line, y=mx+c) by drawing a graph showing speed against time.