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Parallax would be easier to measure if the Earth were farther from the sun. This way, there will be a wider angle to the stars using the parallax method.
On the contrary, if the parallax angle is too small, it can't be measured accurately.
The device that astronomers use to find the angle between the horizon and stars in the sky is called a sextant.
Stars do not have arms.
You need to determine the geographic north, for example by observing sunrise and sunset; by observing the stars; or by using a compass that reacts to Earth's rotation (a gyrocompass). Then you observe where the needle of a magnetic compass points. Finally, you measure the angular difference between the two.