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Complementary investments are investments which raise any potential profits from the use of a new technology. An increase of any investment A leads to an increase in productivity of investment B. Take the Hoover dam as an example, not only was the dam built for technical/environmental reasons ( investments A ), when completed it was a large tourist attraction which people wanted to come visit ( investment B)
In finance, risk of investments may be measured by calculating the variance and standard deviation of the distribution of returns on those investments. Variance measures how far in either direction the amount of the returns may deviate from the mean.
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Portfolio investment refers to investments in foreign countries that are withdrawable at short notice, such as investment in foreign stocks and bonds.
That has a lot of applications, related to finding a general tendency, calculating or estimating the mathematical expectation (important for investments), etc.