fallacy
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The process of reasoning that arrives at a conclusion based on previously accepted general statements is Deductive reasoning. Alternatively, Inductive reasoning is the process of reasoning that arrives at a conclusion via observation (think of hypothesis).
This would be an hypothesis (an educated guess).
Hypothesis
An inference is a conclusion based on logical reasoning from other facts rather than something that is known as a fact. It does not really have an exact antonym. I suppose there are two classes on "non-inferences" - conclusions based on direct actual observation and in contrast, conclusions based on random guesswork or emotion or intuition without any logical basis.
Induction or inductive reasoning, sometimes called inductive logic, is the process of reasoning in which the premises of an argument are believed to support the conclusion but do not entail the premises; i.e. they do not ensure its truth. Induction is a form of reasoning that makes generalizations based on individual instances.[1] It is used to ascribe properties or relations to types based on an observation instance (i.e., on a number of observations or experiences); or to formulate laws based on limited observations of recurring phenomenal patterns.