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an example of this is like taking a statement and making it negative, i think.... Such as, "All animals living in the ocean are fish." A counterexample would be a whale(mammal), proving this statement false.
a lemma is a proven statement used for proving another statement.
The answer depends on what the comparison is with! It is not more difficult than proving the Goldbach conjecture, for example.
Mathematical induction is just a way of proving a statement to be true for all positive integers: prove the statement to be true about 1; then assume it to be true for a generic integer x, and prove it to be true for x + 1; it therefore must be true for all positive integers.
It is a method of proving a statement for all values of a variable - usually for all integers. Often, the process is as follows: Prove the statement for n = 1 Assume that the statement is true for n = k and prove that, in that case, it must be true for n = k+1. Invoke the law of induction to assert that it is true for all [integer] values of n.