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Diameter
It is called a bisector.
This is called the diameter of the line that passes through the center of the circle. Half of that line is called the radius.
A segment.
Every circle has a point called the centre. A straight line drawn through the centre and extending both ways to intersect with the circle at opposite points is called the diameter. A straight line drawn from the centre to intersect with one point of the circle is called the radius. In this case, the length of that straight line is 12 inches.