A manipulative variable is something that you will keep the same.
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The independent variable.
This would indicate that there is a linear relationship between manipulating and responding variables.
substitution
That depends on the specific equation. The general idea is to "isolate" the variable, for example "x", manipulating the equation in such a way that all terms that contain "x" are on the left, and all terms that don't contain it, are on the right.
See link for the Wikipedia article. The dependent variable is sometimes called response variable, or outcome variable. During what year of school, K thru 12, do kids experience the greatest average change in height (or weight)? You are "manipulating" what year of school a child is in. You aren't making any changes on this-- this is just your independent variable. You are going to measure height change for each child, so a starting and ending measure is needed. Height is the dependent variable.