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The extra segment in the 8086/8088 is a 64kb region of memory that is indexed by the displacement address of the destination of certain string operations, relative to DI. Contrast that with the data segment, which is a 64kb region of memory that is indexed by the displacment address of the displacement of most operand addresses. The stack segment is similar, but it is used for stack oriented data, relative to SP or BP.
You write the height. Draw as dashed line segment, which is perpendicular to the base, from the top vertex down to the base (or a dashed line extended from the base for an obtuse triangle). Put a right-angle symbol (small square) where this line segment intersects the base)
The vertical height.
Yes. For example, place the 6 as the base, and the 3 and 4 sloping up from that base.
It's the length of the line segment connecting the apex (top) and base (bottom).