Linear equations, if they have a solution, can be solved analytically. On the other hand, it may not always be possible to find a solution to nonlinear equations. This is where you use various numerical methods (eg Newton-Raphson) to work from one approximate numerical solution to a better solution. This iterative procedure, if properly applied, gives accurate numerical solutions to nonlinear equations. But as mentioned above, they are not arrived at analytically.
No, analytical solutions do not always exist. That is to say, the answer need not be a function. However, it is possible to find numerical solutions.
yes
Some partial differential equations do not have analytical solutions. These can only be solved numerically.
Finite Differential Methods (FDM) are numerical methods for approximating the solutions to differential equations using finite difference equations to approximate derivatives.
The answers to equations are their solutions
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