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Anonymous
Each treatment is applied more than once per block. This makes it possible to enhance the error variance estimate by extracting some sampling variance from it.
See the link for a visual example.
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Upsampling is the process of increasing the sampling rate of a signal. For instance, upsampling raster images such as photographs means increasing the resolution of the image.In signal processing, downsampling (or "subsampling") is the process of reducing the sampling rate of a signal. This is usually done to reduce the data rate or the size of the data.