A way of defining the sum from 1 to the number, similar to the factorial function but with sums, represented with the '?' symbol:
4? = 4 + 3 + 2 + 1 = 10
An easy simplification, known from Gauss, is to compute it with n(n+1)/2.
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Not every relation is a function. But every function is a relation. Function is just a part of relation.
The cubic function.
Range
A formula or graph are two ways to describe a math function. How a math function is described depends on the domain of the function or the complexity of the function.
The Mandelbrot graph is generated iteratively and so is a function of a function of a function ... and in that sense it is a composite function.