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Not every relation is a function. But every function is a relation. Function is just a part of relation.
The cubic function.
Range
A formula or graph are two ways to describe a math function. How a math function is described depends on the domain of the function or the complexity of the function.
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65 N/m is sufficient for 800A Busbar.
Busbar current rating for 1 square inch is 1000a.
There are 230kv and 110kv GIS substations in chennai functioning from 1998 ,commssioned by Tamilnadu electricity board.
The term, 'bus', in 'busbar', comes from the word, 'omnibus', meaning 'to serve all'. A busbar, then, is a copper bar that connects several independent circuits together. For example, a generator might be connected to a busbar, serving several circuits all connected to that same busbar. There are separate busbars for line, neutral, and earthing (grounding) connections.
The busbar is used as a conductor and is used as a connection between the parallel and the feeder. The feeder is the supply, and it handles the relays.
What do truck-mounted infrared cameras look for in substations and on power lines
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Burbars are the important elements in the electrical substation. Bus bars acts as nodal point in the substation which connects different incoming and outgoing circuits.Substations present in the power system performs various operations depends on the application such as stepping up the voltage, stepping down the voltage, high voltage transmission and switching stations to route the power to desired load center.Busbars in Substation:Busbars used in the substations are generally rectangular or circular cross section bars. These busbars can be either solid or hollow structures. Hollow circular cross section busbars are employes in EHV substations to reduce the corona effect.Switching Schemes:Switching schemes implies different methods employed to connect electrical circuits in the power system to transfer the electrical power in reliable manner. Switching schemes helps in deliver the electrical power to power system if any part of the system is faulty or under maintenance.Substations use different types of busbar arrangements or switching schemes depends upon the application, reliability of the supply and cost of installation. In every substations busbars plays a common role to connect different circuits. However switching is possible in the power system with the help of circuit breakers and isolators.Considerations for selection of busbar arrangement:Different types of busbar arrangements are employed based on the voltage, reliability of the supply, flexibility in transmitting power and cost. The other aspects considering in designing the busbars arrangements are:Simplicity in the designMaintenance of different elements without interruption in the power supplyFuture expansion feasibilityEconomical in cost of installation and operationDifferent busbar arrangements:Some of the switching schemes are busbar arrangements employed in the substations are listed below:Single Bus-bar arrangementDouble Main Bus-bar schemeMain and Transfer bus-bar schemeOne and half breaker schemeRing Main arrangement schemeSingle Bus-bar scheme:This is the simplest busbar scheme available which consists of single set of busbars connected to the generators, transformers and load feeders. All the feeders are connected by circuit breaker and set of isolators. This arrangement helps to remove the connecting elements (Generators, transformers, etc ) for maintenance by opening the circuit breaker contacts and further opening the isolators.Advantages:This busbar arrangement enjoys less cost of installationLess maintenancesimple operationDisadvantages:Fault on the busbar all the feeders connected to the busbars should be disconnectedwhen Busbar is under maintenance total supply and all feeders should be disconnectedLeast flexibility and reliabilitySee all 5 photosSingle busbar SchemeDouble Main Busbar Scheme:Normally in double main busbar scheme each circuit is connected to both the buses. In some cases half of the circuits can be connected and operated on each bus, in these cases bus or circuit breaker failure would cause loss to half of the circuits. In double main busbar arrangement one or two breakers can be provided for each circuit. Double main busbar and double breaker scheme provides high reliability in the case of fault or outage of one of the breaker.Advantages:Any circuit can be taken out of circuit for maintenanceFlexibility in connecting the feeder circuit to either of the busbarsDisadvantages:Most expensiveLoose circuits connected to busbar when fault occurs on the busbarDouble Busbar Single Breaker SchemeMain and Transfer Busbar SchemeMain and Transfer busbar scheme is similiar to single busbar arrangement with additional transfer bus connected. Tie circuit breaker is provided to tie both the main and transfer bus. During normal operation all the circuits are connected to the main bus. When circuit breaker connected to the circuit (transmission line) is required to trip for maintenance, tie circuit breaker connecting the main and transfer bus is closed. The relay protection for the circuits connected to the transfer bus is taken care by the tie circuit breaker.Advantages:Low initial costAny breaker can be taken of circuit for maintenanceDisadvantages:Requires one extra breaker for bus tieSwitching is somewhat complicated when breaker is under maintenanceMain and Transfer Busbar SchemeOne and Half breaker Busbar scheme:In One and half breaker scheme, two circuits are connected between the three circuit breakers. Hence One and Half breaker name was coined for this type of arrangement. Under normal operating conditions all the breakers are closed and both the busbars are energized. Any Circuit fault will trip two circuit breakers and no other circuit will be affected in this arrangement. When a busbar fault occur only breakers adjacent to busbars trips and no circuit will loose power. Two busbars can also be taken out of service with out affecting the power flow if the power source circuit ( alternator circuit) and receiving circuit (transmission line) available in the same bay.Advantages:Most flexible operation possibleHigh reliabilityBus failure will not remove any circuit from serviceDisadvantages:High costRelaying is somewhat complicated since the middle breaker must responsible for both the circuits on either direction and should operateone and Half Breaker SchemeRing busbar schemeIn this ring main busbar scheme arrangement, breakers are connected in ring and circuits are connected between the breakers. There will be same number of circuits as the number of breakers in the arrangement. During normal operation all the breakers are closed. During circuit fault two breakers connecting the circuit trips. During breaker maintenance the ring is broken but all the lines remain in service.Advantages:Low costFlexible operation for breaker maintenanceAny breaker can be taken out of service without interrupting loadPower can be fed from both the directionDisadvantages:Fault occur during maintenance will break the ringRelaying is complexBreaker failure during fault will trip one additional circuitRing Main Busbar Scheme
it is an infinite current carrying conductor which doesn't have voltage drop.
Rather than where? Circuit breakers are always located in substations.
gas insulated substations are installed especially where floor area available is limited and maintenance cost is more