If the reference point and an object are both on the horizon then the angular distance to the object, relative to the reference point is simply the angle formed between the two rays from the observer to object and to the reference point. If either the object or reference point (or both) are not in the plane of the horizon then the appropriate rays are the projections of the rays from the observer onto the plane containing the horizon.
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You need to get to a sufficiently high altitude or distance from the Earth to being to see the curvature. A minimum heihgt of around 60 to 70,000 ft is required to be able the see the curvature of the horizon.
The distance around a circle is its circumference.
It shows the speed of an object in a direction towards or away from the reference point. This is not the speed of the object because any motion in a transverse direction is ignored. For example, even if a racing car is going at top speed around the reference point on a circular track, the distance v time graph will be a horizontal line. The slope will be zero.
Yes. Circumference is the distance around the circle, diameter is the distance across, and radius is the distance from the edge to the center.
the distance around the globe at the equator is 40075 km.