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The median, as long as you don't want to do any serious statistical testing.
To the best of our knowledge, Mary Magdalene had no children.
Yes and it is called "the line of best fit"
The method will depend on what the population comprises. For example, if every element in the population has multiple properties then simply random selection will suffice.
There is no "ideal" sample size for any given population, because polls and other statistical analysis forms depend on many factors, including what the survey is intended to show, who the target audience is, how much statistical error is permitted, and so on. The "Survey System" link, below, offers definitions and a couple of calculators to determine the best sample size for most purposes.