The J-Curve, as posited by Ian Bremmer in "The J Curve: A New Way to Understand Why Nations Rise and Fall" says that if you plot political openness on the horizontal axis and a society's stability on the vertical axis, the resulting graph will have a J shape. This is, very repressive regimes are very stable. However, as they begin to become more open (move to the right horizontally), they become less stable initially (move down vertically), reach a point of minimum stability, then become more stable. This may explain why some very repressive regimes (Iran, North Korea) may be more stable than some partially-open countries. Also, other factors can affect the overall shape and position of the J curve. A a country gets wealthier, the entire J-curve can shift upwards, increasing stability at every point.
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A tangent is a line that just touches a curve at a single point and its gradient equals the rate of change of the curve at that point.
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Because a vector contains information about the direction. A direction, at any particular position is the tangent to the curve and this, by definition, must be straight.
bell curve i believe is the word your looking for..Its called Normal Distribution :)
geometically , the definite integral gives the area under the curve of the integrad .