One difference: An octahedron has 8 faces, a triangular prism has 5.
An octahedron (="eight faces") is a regular high-symmetry solid with all the faces identical. A triangular prism has a triangular base, a triangular roof, and 3 rectangular sides (walls).
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You can have a triangular prism but not a triangular cuboid which is a rectangular shape.
A regular tetrahedron. octahedron, dodecahedron.
An octahedron is a closed 3-d shape with 8 polygonal faces. There are 257 topologically different convex octahedra. An octahedron can have triangles for all eight faces or, as is the case with a hexagonal prism, not a single triangular face.
A triangular prism has 5 faces. The size of the prism makes no difference.
The differnence is that a triangular prism has 5 faces and and rectangular prism had 4 faces.