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What is the difference between tangent and secant line?
The tangent line is the instantaneous rate of change at a point on a curve. The secant line crosses a curve twice at points A and B, representing the average rate of change between those two points.
What is the difference between a linear scale and a non linear scale?
Linear is a straight line and non linear could be a curve or anything but a straight line
What is the shortest distance between a straight line and a curve?
If you translate (move without rotation) a copy of the line towards the curve, the first point where the line touches the curve (the tangent to the curve with the slope of the original line) will be the point on the curve closest to the line. Draw a connecting line from this tangent point to the original line, intersecting that original line at right angles. Measure the connecting segment. It is the shortest distance. Vector analysis will give a mathematically strict solution, I do not have the ability to explain this in sufficient detail.
What does chord means in math terms?
A chord is a line segment between two points on a given curve. Basically it's two points that are connected with a line which all happens to be on a curve. Most likely a circle
A general pattern of a scatter plot?
There is no such thing as a general pattern. Depending on the variables and the relationship between them, you can have points all over the plot, exactly on a straight line or a curve, or close to such a line or curve.
