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A "Retrospective Study" is a study that has happened in the past wherein the results are used to build a theory or hypothesis of a researcher or scientists.
A "Prospective Study" however is a study that has been carried out in recent times. For example, a prospective study would be that of Rahe et al (1970) since it was carried out in the last 30 or so years. An example of a retrospective study would be Hawkins et al (1957).
So in essence, a Retrospective Study is one done in the past, whilst a Prospective Study is one done in the present. :)
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