A hypersurface is "an n-dimensional manifold embedded in an n+1 dimensional space" (from http://www.mathpages.com/home/kmath520/kmath520.htm). A manifold is space that close up, appears Euclidean (normal high school geometry) but but be more complicated as a whole. For example, the earth is spherical, more or less, but the closer you get, the more it looks like a two-dimensional surface. Thus, a hyperspace is a surface that exists in a place one dimension higher than what it is. A line on a graph is an example, it is one-dimensional but exists in a two-dimensional world.
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Classical theory is a reference to established theory. Fuzzy set theory is a reference to theories that are not widely accepted.
Probability theory and distributive theory.
Claudius Ptolemy disproved geocentric theory.
Statistics consists of Descriptive Statistics,Probability theory,Distribution theory,Quality Control, Design of Experiments, Reliability, Operations Research, Queuing theory, Inventory control,Measure theory, Sampling theory, Statistical inference, Analysis.
Theory X is a group of ideas created by Douglas McGreggor in the 1960's. It deals with human motivations. He also discussed theory