You use the Pythagorean theorem, which is (a^2)+(b^2)=(c^2).
a = 40
b = 50
c = the hypotenuse
1600+2500=c^2
4100 = c^2
c= Square root of 4100
c is roughly equal to 64.03124
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Using Pythagoras' theorem the hypotenuse is 40 inches
Using Pythagoras: hypotenuse² = leg_1² + leg_2² = 14² + 48² = 196 + 2304 = 2500 → hypotenuse = √2500 = 50 units.
The two legs squared and added together = the length of the hypotenuse's length squared
The hypotenuse is the longest side of any right triangle, and the legs are the two legs coming out from where the right angle is.
You can't. The hypotenuse alone isn't enough to tell you anything about the lengths of the legs. There are an infinite number of different right triangles that all have the same hypotenuse but different legs.