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the object's displacement.
orbit orbit orbit
It's called 'centripetal acceleration', whether or not the speed is constant or the path circular.
Round.
For a physical meaning, take potential energy as an example. To raise an object from one position to another position one meter higher takes a certain amount of energy - the potential energy of the object increases. The amount of energy is independent of the path the object takes - whether it goes straight up, in zigzag, etc.