It is called the problem and is usually asked as a question. After researching the problem, a temporary solution called a hypothesis is stated. Then an experiment is performed to test the hypothesis.
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The dividend.
The numbers to be added are called addends. The answer is called the sum.
The numbers being added are called the addends. The answer to the problem is called sum.
The number being divided is the dividend, which is being divided by the divisor to equal the quotient. (dividend) ÷ (divisor) = (quotient)
Numbers in a multiplication problem aren't added. In a multiplication sentence, the multiplicand times the multiplier equals the product.