There are all sorts of relations possible.
equality, inequality, less than, greater than, x times (where x is some number), y more (where y is some other number), z to the power (where z is yet another number), and so on.
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Functions are our way of expressing a relation between two sets, which is of fundamental importance to all of math. In fact, one could argue that there would be no math, only numbers, if there weren't any relations between the numbers.
How much is between two numbers.
The distance between two or more numbers
The relation, between two sets of objects, is a mapping which associates elements of the first set to those of the second set.
Common Difference means the difference between two numbers.