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a sample is a sample sized piece given... a sample size is the amount given in one sample
An experimental sample is an experiment that is just a sample of what you are looking for.
sample is a noun and sampling is TO sample(verb)
It is an assumption to hypothesis testing. I can not comment on the significance of a violation of these assumptions without knowing how the non-random sample was taken.
The sample mean may differ from the population mean, especially for small samples.