It is Centigrade sometimes called Celsius.
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You would measure it by mililiters.
Clarity
Units of measure do follow the standard deviation.
Please note that the metric system is the world-wide standard. If by "standard" you mean the Imperial system (the system commonly used in the USA), the similarities are that the systems are designed to measure, and that they both have units to measure the same type of thing, for example length/distance, area, volume, temperature, etc.
It depends on what you are trying to measure. There are different standard units for different characteristics.