I do not think there is any special term for mathematical symbols in general. They are classified according to what they stand for, such as variable, constant, operator, digit, etc and many individual symbols have names such bracket, brace, ampersand, plus sign,carat,etc.
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What mathematical symbol? Different symbols were invented in different times and places.
"why" is not a mathematical symbol.
It's a mathematical metaphor.
It is term.
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